Normalized tornado damage in the United States: 1950–2011

In 2011, thunderstorms in the United States resulted in 550 deaths from tornadoes and more than $28 billion in property damage, according to data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with the vast majority of economic losses resulting from tornadoes. This article normalizes U.S. tornado damage from 1950 to 2011, using several methods. A normalization provides an estimate of the damage that would occur if past events occurred under a common base year's societal conditions. We normalize for changes in inflation and wealth at the national level and changes in population, income and housing units at the county level. Under several methods, there has been a sharp decline in tornado damage. This decline corresponds with a decline in the reported frequency of the most intense (and thus most damaging) tornadoes since 1950. However, quantification of trends in tornado incidence is made difficult due to discontinuities in the reporting of events over time. The normalized damage results are suggestive that some part of this decline may reflect actual changes in tornado incidence, beyond changes in reporting practices. In historical context, 2011 stands out as one of the most damaging years of the past 61 years and provides an indication that maximum damage levels have the potential to increase should societal change lead to increasing exposure of wealth and property.     

西藏生态整体性水平测度

为了探讨资源-环境双重约束下地处我国生态环境脆弱区的西藏的生态整体性特征,利用生态环境质量指数和生态现代化指数（EMI）对地处我国西南边陲的西藏地区的生态现代化水平进行了分析。结果表明：全球生态现代化水平在区域之间存在比较明显的空间分异。2004年西藏生态现代化指数为50,在全国排名为3位,较2000年的排名16位有了明显的提高。生态进步指数、经济生态化指数好于其他4个少数民族地区,但社会生态化指数落后于其他4个少数民族地区,人均SO2排放与新疆、广西相同,但高于内蒙古和宁夏;1980—2007年西藏现代化程度虽然有所提升,但远低于世界平均水平和中等发达国家以及我国平均水平和其他4个少数民族地区;1996—2007年西藏区域环境水平呈＂W＂型变动态势。资源转化率和水污染指数呈＂N＂型不稳定变动,生态保护指数和环境治理指数呈剧烈变动,生态脆弱性和环境支持系统的不稳定性没有明显改观。因此,西藏应立足地缘和资源优势,充分考虑西藏生态地域、生态系统服务功能、生态资产、生态敏感性以及人类活动对生态环境胁迫等要素的综合影响,依据青藏高原高寒生态大区和高寒草甸生态区、青藏高原高山草原、高寒草甸生态地区生态区划,发展人工设计生态方案的生态重建途径。建立严格的生态补偿制度,逐步提升生态现代化水平。     

一种非平稳随机振动试验控制系统设计

目的 实现非平稳随机振动试验控制,在传统随机振动试验控制理论基础上,提出一种针对非平稳连续振动方式下的随机试验控制方法.方法 将均方根时变的非平稳随机振动过程近似等效为一个均方根和PSD谱的乘积模型,通过实时计算归一化的驱动谱,利用均方根实时跟随控制策略,更新驱动信号,实现连续非平稳随机振动控制.利用软件编程实现控制算...     

东湖沉积物重金属来源与人类活动相关性分析

城市化和工业化进程给城市湖泊带来了很高的重金属污染负荷。为研究湖泊重金属污染的来源以及人类活动对湖泊重金属污染的影响,以武汉郭郑湖为例,测定了沉积物中几种常见痕量重金属元素Co、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量,并采用地累积指数法和归一化法对重金属污染物的污染程度和污染来源进行了分析。研究结果表明,溢流排污口处沉积物重金属污染程度较高,Zn、Cu和Pb的污染程度高于Co、Cr、Ni,为湖泊主要污染物。归一化法分析表明:Zn、Pb、Cu之间呈显著相关,均以人类活动输入为主要来源。在溢流排污口处Ni和Cr受人类活动影响较轻微,Co以自然来源为主;在湖心处Ni、Cr、Co均以自然来源为主。以上结果表明,对郭郑湖的治理应以Zn、Pb、Cu为主。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments

In this study we have worked on the evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the sediments taken from the Tisza River and its tributaries, and thereby used the sequential extraction method, geochemical normalization, the calculation of the enrichment factor (EF), and the methods of statistical analysis. The chemical fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Fe, and Mn, carried out by using the modified Tessier method, points to different substrates and binding mechanisms of Cu, Zn and Pb in sediments of the tributaries and sediments of the Tisza River. The similarities in the distributions of Fe and Ni in all types of sediments are the result of geochemical similarity as well as of the fact that natural sources mainly affect the concentration levels of these elements. The calculated enrichment factors (EF, measured metal vs. background concentrations) indicated that metal contamination (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) was recorded in the sediments of the Tisza River, while no indications of pollution were detected in the tributaries of the Tisza River and the surrounding pools. The maximum values of the EF were close to 6 for Cu and Pb (moderately severe enrichment) and close to 4.5 for Zn (indicating moderate enrichment). It can be said that the Tisza River is slightly to moderately severely polluted with Cu, Zn, and Pb, and minorly polluted with Cr. It is concluded that sediments of the Tisza serve as a repository for heavy metal accumulation from adjacent urban and industrial areas.     

基于Models-3的自修正空气质量预报系统及其效果检验

本文介绍了一个以Models-3为基础的自动化空气质量数值预报系统,该系统通过Gambas、Yabasic和R语言等工具进行开发,集成WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ三个模式,可通过监测数据进行自动修正,完成空气质量业务数值预报,并将结果发布到Web服务器上进行呈现。该系统对硬件的要求较低,将部署于一台DELL Optiplex 9010工作站上,设置6km—2km双层嵌套,进行成都市空气质量数值预报。本文分析了成都市2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日的空气质量数值预报结果,评价系统对成都市NO_2、SO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO以及空气质量指数(AQI)的预报效果。结果显示,系统对于成都市2014年空气质量变化情况趋势的预报效果较好,302天有效预报中,24小时直接预报的空气质量等级准确率为58.27%,AQI预报相关系数0.71,观测值自动修正预报对24小时空气质量预报具有明显改善效果,使其等级预报准确率达到64.9%,相关系数提高到0.89。     

低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流远场噪声特性研究

目的 将空气幕自噪声问题简化为低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流噪声问题,并研究其特性。方法 设计低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流试验台,并系统地研究主要噪声来源以及射流速度、方位角、宽高比等参数对远场噪声的影响规律。结果 低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流远场噪声主要集中在低频部分(500 Hz以内),除宽高比为14的矩形射流噪声因声共振现象导致某些频率附近存在模态噪声峰值,从而不符合噪声频谱归一化规律外,其他低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流远场噪声频谱都符合如下规律,即射流噪声总声压级大致与射流速度的7.4次方成正比,与矩形喷管宽度的1.6次方成正比。结论 低亚声速大宽高比矩形射流远场噪声归一化规律可为深入了解空气幕自噪声特性提供理论指导。     

重金属铜和铅的生态毒性归一化及土壤环境基准研究

鉴于土壤性质对重金属生态毒性的潜在影响,开展了铜和铅的土壤生态毒性的归一化分析,一方面通过土壤性质(pH、OC（有机碳含量）、CEC（阳离子交换量）和Clay（黏土含量）)和土壤生物毒性数据建立多元回归归一化模型(铜（铅）分别含10（5）种土壤生物),此外,在毒性数据和土壤性质数据不足以建立多元回归模型时,构建种间外推归一化模型（铜和铅分别含12种土壤生物）.基于建立的重金属铜和铅的土壤生态毒性归一化模型,依据实测的土壤生态毒性数据和对应的土壤参数,计算出酸性、中性、碱性非石灰性和石灰性4种土壤条件下的土壤生态毒性数据,其中,铜涉及4门11科18种动植物和3种微生物过程,铅涉及5门10科15种动植物和5种微生物过程.采用归一化后的土壤生态毒性数据,得出基于Log-logistic物种敏感度分布法的铜和铅的HC5（保护95%物种的浓度）值和土壤环境基准值,中性土壤条件下铜和铅的土壤环境基准值分别为29.73和115.07 mg·kg^-1.     

Simple relationships between the ionization energies of one-, two- and three-electron ions of consecutive elements

The ionization energy of one-electron ions can be calculated from a well-known equation that is based on quantum mechanics and on the Bohr model, but no theoretically justified equation is available for the calculation of the ionization energies of multi-electron ions. I report here simple empirical relationships between the ionization energies of one-, two- and three-electron ions of elements whose atomic numbers are Z, Z + 1 and Z + 2. On the basis of these relationships, an equation was constructed for the calculation of the ionization energies of two- and three-electron ions (IE(2el)(Z) and IE(3el)(Z), respectively) as a function of Z only: [equation: see text] where N = the number of electrons, i.e. 2 or 3. For N = 3, this equation is only valid when Z > N, being inaccurate for the neutral Li atom. Graphs of the difference between calculated and experimental values of the ionization energies as a function of Z reveal inaccurate experimental results that are impossible to detect by inspection of the ionization energy itself. On the basis of the present results, more accurate values can be predicted for these ionization energies. A striking example is the inaccuracy of the traditional handbook value of IE(3el)(Fe).